小托?？荚囍校犃烷喿x都是廣大考生比較頭疼的問(wèn)題,，無(wú)論是從聽懂,、看懂文章，還是做對(duì)題目的角度,，我們都應(yīng)該尋求正確的學(xué)習(xí)方式和學(xué)習(xí)方法，在學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程中，輸入環(huán)節(jié)的效率高低,，將會(huì)直接關(guān)系到輸出結(jié)果能否讓我們滿意,，所以，掌握一定的學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí),，會(huì)讓我們學(xué)習(xí)的效率能更上一個(gè)新的臺(tái)階,。
　　今天的小編將同學(xué)們?cè)谛⊥懈５目荚囍锌赡軙?huì)出現(xiàn)的學(xué)習(xí)困惑和需要同學(xué)們關(guān)注的點(diǎn)，都一一列舉了出來(lái),，真的是全程干貨哦,！同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)起來(lái)吧！
　　 小托福聽力
　　1
　　小托福聽力的第三部分是學(xué)術(shù)演講和討論,，在我的課堂觀察中,，這一部分是大家很容易走神，繼而出錯(cuò)率比較高的一部分,。
　　今天我們主要講的是Academic Talk,，這一部分涉及的話題可以分為藝術(shù)，生命科學(xué),，自然科學(xué)和社會(huì)科學(xué)幾大部分,。聽力中的老師會(huì)就某一知識(shí)點(diǎn)進(jìn)入深入講解，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)過(guò)多的專業(yè)詞匯,。但如果與問(wèn)題相關(guān),，都會(huì)在材料中做具體解釋，并且解釋的部分會(huì)按照邏輯順序具體逐一展開,。
　　在開始分析文本之前,，我們先來(lái)了解學(xué)術(shù)演講的結(jié)構(gòu)。
　　01
　　主題
　　什么是主題,？主題要記下來(lái)嗎,？怎樣記主題？
　　首先,，老師在講座開頭可能會(huì)這樣直接告訴你,，“今天我要講...Today, we willtalk about…”這樣的開頭是友好的，你很容易就找到主題,。但是有些教授習(xí)慣性鋪墊話題,。例如：
　　上次我們講了...今天我們講...；
　　Last time, we talked about…,today, we will be discussing…
　　我們一直在講...今天我們來(lái)講...
　　We’ve been talking about…Today, let’s discuss…
　　接著上次的...今天我們講...
　　Continuing…Today, we will…
　　大家要記后面的,，后面的才是主題,。
　　或者聽完全文，感受一下,，他說(shuō)的多的是什么,，這才是主題,。只在開頭，中間,，或者只在結(jié)尾講一次的,，都不是主題。
　　02
　　定義
　　下定義的時(shí)候,，有時(shí)候老師會(huì)有提示,，例如：what I mean by…is….我說(shuō)...的意思是...或者自己?jiǎn)枂?wèn)題：what is…?
　　肯定會(huì)有解釋，也肯定會(huì)考,。一定要注意聽,。
　　03
　　.因果
　　這個(gè)比較好理解，凡是出現(xiàn)原因結(jié)果的詞,，可以標(biāo)記下來(lái),。
　　原因：because，because of,，due to …,，since …，as …,，for …,，The reason is …，That’s why …,，By reason of …,，Owing to …
　　結(jié)果：so …，so that …,，therefore …,，thereby …，hereby …,，thus …,，As a result,，consequently …，hence …,，accordingly …
　　04
　　轉(zhuǎn)折
　　這個(gè)大家比較熟悉,，遇到but不能懈怠,，需要標(biāo)記出來(lái),。
　　下面是一些常見的信號(hào)詞：
　　but，however,，nevertheless,，while,，yet,，unless,，except for,，actually,，in fact,，practically，virtually,，as a matter of fact,，while
　　05
　　舉例
　　舉例子的部分是重點(diǎn)之一，但是切記,，不要記太多例子細(xì)節(jié),，一定要聽懂例子要說(shuō)明的道理。通常在講例子之前,，老師會(huì)說(shuō)一個(gè)statement,，然后舉例子，你聽到舉例子的提示詞時(shí),，一定要馬上想剛才說(shuō)了什么.
　　信號(hào)詞: for instance, such as, as an example, take example for , say, consider
　　Listen to a teacher talking ina social studies class.
　　Today wewill talk abouta kind of sports, golf and its mysterious origin.
　　引入話題-golf and its mysterious origin
　　Golf isa precision club and ball sport, in which competing players, or golfers, use many types of clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a golf course using the fewest number of strokes.
　　解釋Golf是什么,，這里的修飾語(yǔ)比較長(zhǎng),，在聽的時(shí)候以理解為主。
　　It is one of the few ball games thatdoes notrequire a standardized playing area. Instead,thegame is played on golf "courses", eachof which features a unique design, although courses tpically consist of either nine or 18 holes.
　　這里進(jìn)一步描述了具體特征,，注意這里的instead和否定詞,。
　　Whilethe modern game of golf originated in 15th-century Scotland, the game's ancient origins are unclear and much debated.Some historianstrace the sport back to the Roman game of Paganica, in which participants used a bent stick to hit a stuffed leather ball.One theory asserts thatPaganica spreadthroughout Europe as the Romans conquered most of the continent, during the first century BC, and eventually evolved into the moderngame.
　　注意這里的第二次轉(zhuǎn)折while，說(shuō)明ancient origins對(duì)于人們還是無(wú)解,。這里老師還列舉了一些觀點(diǎn),，以理解為主。
　　小托福閱讀
　　2
　　學(xué)術(shù)閱讀對(duì)于很多同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)是小托福閱讀中的一個(gè)很難handle的部分,。今天我們就其中一篇考古學(xué)文章具體講講如何分析informative passage,。
　　信息類文章，或以表達(dá)新觀點(diǎn)并與老觀點(diǎn)形成對(duì)比為意圖,，或以to persuade or convince readers為意圖,，或以解釋科學(xué)理論發(fā)展為意圖，或以評(píng)論社會(huì)現(xiàn)象等等為意圖,。
　　在考試中出現(xiàn)的學(xué)術(shù)性文章一般是議論文和說(shuō)明文兩種文體,。我們簡(jiǎn)單概括為對(duì)文章做邏輯分析。
　　說(shuō)明文文章結(jié)構(gòu)非常清晰,，一般文章會(huì)在開頭直接提出要描述的對(duì)象,，然后是描述其具體特征或是發(fā)展歷史又或者是出現(xiàn)的原因及其影響。
　　這篇文章是關(guān)于冰箱的發(fā)展,，一個(gè)我們需要感謝的偉大發(fā)明,，不然人間少了冰淇淋的樂(lè)趣。關(guān)于作者的目的,，當(dāng)然是informthe reader咯
　　下面是關(guān)于這篇文章的背景介紹,，我選取了兩個(gè)文中涉及到的時(shí)間點(diǎn)：
　　1802
　　Thomas Moore, an American businessman, created a nice box to cool dairy products for transport. He called it a “refrigiratory” until he patented “refrigerator” in 1803.
　　In the early 1800s, more and more Americans movedinto cities, expanding the distance between the consumer and the source of thefood. The need for refrigeration was growing day by day.
　　1840S
　　The first iceboxes were made by carpenters, designed to take advantage of the regular household delivery of large blocks ofice. They were insulated wooden boxes lined with tin or zinc and used to holdblocks of ice to keep the food cool. A drip pan collected the melt water – and had to be emptied daily.
　　By the mid-ninetenthcetuny ,the term”icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was onlybeginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew wíth the growthof cities. Ice was used in hotels, restaurants, and hospitals. After the Civil War (1861 -1865), ice came intohousehold use.Till 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of thatsold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because theicebox,a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
　　Making anfficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early ninetcenth century,people only had some basie knowledge of the physics of heat,which was very important to the science ofrefrigeration. Many people think that the best icebox was the one that prevented the ice from melting. Of course,this is wrong, for it was the melting of the ice that can cool things. Nevertheless, people use different ways to keep ice from melting too fast, for example, wrap the ice in blankets. At the end of the nineteenth century, inventors finally found a balance between saving the ice from melting tooquiekly and transporting them at the same time.
　　But as early as 1803, a clever Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned afarm about twentymiles outside the city of Washington, for which the vil of Gieorge town was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own desien to transport his butterto market, he found that customers would pay the highest price for his butter,rsill fresh and hard. One advantage of his icebox, Moore expained,was that farmers would no longer have to travelto market at night in order to keep their product cool.
　　TIPS
　　有關(guān)歷史文明的文章，會(huì)涉及到不同時(shí)間點(diǎn),。注意區(qū)分不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)應(yīng)該做的事情,。比如after the civial war, ice came into use. 或者till 1880, half the ice sold in New York...再或者as early as 1803, Thomas had been on the right track.
　　類似內(nèi)容的閱讀要注意：人名、地名,、專業(yè)名詞等,，不認(rèn)識(shí)，并不影響文章的閱讀,。主題：重復(fù)詞往往在一,、段就提到，也就是icebox
　　文章的一,、段講到內(nèi)戰(zhàn)之后,，icebox的出現(xiàn)使得冰開始投入家庭使用。
　　第二段提到了由于當(dāng)時(shí)的人們對(duì)于基本的物理知識(shí)的缺乏,，也就是遇到了如何讓冰緩慢融化的問(wèn)題,，所以很難創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)effective icebox,。
　　第三段提到了一個(gè)聰明的商人也就是Thomas Moore設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的icebox能讓黃油完好無(wú)損地運(yùn)到市場(chǎng)上。
　　下面我們看細(xì)節(jié)題（evidence-basedquestions）
　　細(xì)節(jié)題錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特征： 1與原文事實(shí)矛盾,、2.原文內(nèi)容未提及,、3.與原文邏輯矛盾
　　所謂的細(xì)節(jié)題，不是隨意選出的答案,，而是我們需要citeevidence from the passage以及根據(jù)題目設(shè)計(jì)和常見的錯(cuò)誤確認(rèn)答案,。
　　比如下面這道題：Accordinto the passage, which of the following was an obstacle to the development ofthe icebox?
　　A.Competition among the restaurants
　　B.The lack of a network for the distribution of ice
　　C.The use of insufficient insulation
　　D.Inadequate understanding of physics
　　根據(jù)題目中的obstacle，我們定位到文章的第二段,，當(dāng)時(shí)人們遇到的困難是only had basic knowledge of the physics of heat也就是選項(xiàng)中的inadequate understanding of physics