英語寫作技巧——邏輯紐帶
針對(duì)英語寫作中大部分考生感到頭疼的邏輯問題，廣州朗閣雅思英語學(xué)校小編為大家支招,，在英語寫作中,，邏輯的作用可見如下:
1.標(biāo)明順序(Sequencing)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:first (ly) ,…second ( ly )，...also,...finally, ... ; in the firstplace,…in the second place,…;first of all,…furthermore, ... finally,…;one…another…;at the lime; at the beginning; previously; later; meanwhile; afterwards; by the endof; up; down; inside; over; beyond…等,。 例文A: There are a variety of reasons for this dramatic growth in...Firstly, ... Secondly, . . Finally,，…在…上的顯著增長是由于多種原因造成的。首先,，……第二,，·…后，……（表明邏輯順序) 例文B: Performing a winter checkup on your car can be done easily if you follow the properprocedure. The first step is…Then, ... After that, ... Finally,…如果遵循正確的程序,，冬季檢修汽車會(huì)很容易,。第一步，……接下來,?！缓螅?，……(表明過程順序)
例文C: Last summer I took a job as a waitress. My motives at the time were…Duringthat first week, I…Even when I had become accustomed to the routine. I…By the end ofthe summer, I had firmly resolved never to take another job.去年夏天我在一家餐館打工,，當(dāng)女招待,、我當(dāng)時(shí)的動(dòng)機(jī)是……第一個(gè)星期，我每天……即使后來習(xí)慣了那種工作,，我還是感到·…暑期結(jié)束時(shí),，我下定決心再也不去打工了。（表明時(shí)間順序）
例文D: On one side, beginning at the very lip of the pool, was a tiny meadow,，...Beyondthe pool a gentle slope of earth ran up and up to meet the opposing wall...，Below, the canyonwas shut in…Up the canyon rose far hills and peaks…在深潭的一邊,，從潭水邊珠開始伸展著一片草地……在深潭的另一邊,，有一個(gè)土坡緩緩隆起與對(duì)面的崖嶺相連……峽谷的下面.群山環(huán)抱...在峽谷的上面，可以眺望遠(yuǎn)處的峰巒……(表明空間順序)
2.提出觀點(diǎn)《Expressing Opinions)
廣州朗閣雅思英語學(xué)校為考生例舉出的提出觀點(diǎn)的常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:in my opinion, in my point of view, as far as I am concerned, there islittle doubt that…,，I strongly believe that.…as for me, as I see it, agree/disagree with, Iwould rather ...than...等,。 例文A: Some people may regard failure as a bad thing. In my opinion, however, whether afailure is good or bad somewhat depends on how we cope with it.一些人認(rèn)為失敗是一件壞事。 然而在我看來,，失敗是好還是壞在一定程度上取決于我們?nèi)绾螌?duì)待它,。 例文B: People hold different views about ... Some people are of the opinion that…，while others point out that…As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds moreweight.人們對(duì)……存在不同現(xiàn)點(diǎn),。有些人認(rèn)為……有些人認(rèn)為,，··…我覺得前(后)一種硯觀點(diǎn)更合理。
3.給出原因(Giving Reasons)
在給原因中,，廣州朗閣雅思英語學(xué)校整理的常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:the reason why…is that.…because of, because, since, as, fornow that, on the ground that, for the simple reason that, considering that, seeing that, due to,owing to ,，for the purpose of, result from, thanks to 等。 例文A: One might wonder why .,，The increase in ... is due to the fact that…人們可能會(huì)奇怪為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)……在……上增長的原因是由于這樣的事實(shí)…… 例文B: There are numerous reasons why…,and I shall here explore only a few of themost important ones·為什么……有許多原因,，在這里我僅向大家剖析重要的幾個(gè)。
4.描述結(jié)果（Describing Results）
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:as a result of, for that reason, therefore, so. thus, consequently, as aconsequence, with the result that, result in. lead to, hence, accordingly, so(such)…that.…in this way, on that account等,。 例文A: Unfortunately, the Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, so close to the westcoast, catch the largest share of the rain off the Pacific Ocean before it can go further inland. Asa result, there is too little rain for almost the whole western half of the United States, which lies inthe "rain shadow" of the mountains. In a great part of that territory, therefore, farmers must depend on irrigation water from the snows or rains that are trapped by the mountains.不幸的是,，喀斯喀特山脈和內(nèi)華達(dá)山脈太貼近西海岸了，截住了來自太平洋的大部分雨水,，使它無法進(jìn)入內(nèi)陸,。結(jié)果，美國的整個(gè)西半邊幾乎處在遮掉雨水的大山脈的“雨影”之下,，雨水極少,。 因此這個(gè)地區(qū)大部分地方的農(nóng)民必須依靠高山峻嶺積存的雨雪供灌溉之用。 例文B: With the development of modem industry, more and more people are flowing intobig cities. Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious. 隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的發(fā)展,，越來越多的人涌入大城市結(jié)果,，大城市的住房問題變得越來越嚴(yán)重。
5.闡述目的(Presenting Intentions)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:so that, in order that, in order to ,，so as to,， for fear that, in case,lest等,。 例文A: The examination is useful for students. Through examination the students can becomeaware of which aspects they have not done well, so that they will make much improvement intheir study.測試對(duì)學(xué)生很有幫助。通過測驗(yàn),，學(xué)生能夠了解哪些方面他們沒有學(xué)好,，以便在將來的學(xué)習(xí)中取得進(jìn)步。 例文B: Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modem world. In order一,。solvethe problem of air pollution, some automobile manufacturers are trying to build a car that does notpollute and some inventors are working on cars powered by steam and electricity.空氣污染是當(dāng)代社會(huì)的主要問題之一,。為了解決空氣污染的問題.一些汽車生產(chǎn)廠商正在試圖建造沒有污染的汽車。一些發(fā)明家也在研制用汽或電為車提供動(dòng)力,。
6.進(jìn)行比較和對(duì)照(Contrasting and Comparing)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:whereas, on the contrary, but, while, however, on the other hand, incomparison with, compared to (with),，in contrast to (with)，differ...from...,，instead of,rather than等,。
7.表明相似性(Showing Similarity)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:likewise, similarly, equally,in the same way,to be identical in everyaspect, to he similar to，to he of the same, the same as,as/so...as...等,。
8. 描述轉(zhuǎn)折或未預(yù)料的結(jié)果(Describing Unexpected Results)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:but, however, though, although, even if (though),，despite, despite thefact that, in spite of, notwithstanding (the fact) that等。
9.提出假設(shè)或條件(Providing Conditions)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:in case, if. unless, as (so) long as, provided ( providing)that, suppose(supposing) that, assuming that, on condition that, given that, in the event(that)等,。
10.表示排除(Expressing Exceptions)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:except, apart from, without, with the exception of 等,。 例文A: This apparition was so strange and so solemn, that everyone rose with the exceptionof Carlini, who remained seated, and ate and drank calmly這一幕突然出現(xiàn)的景象是這樣奇特，這樣嚴(yán)肅,，以致大家都站了起來,，只有卡烈尼例外，他仍舊坐著,，鎮(zhèn)定地吃著喝著,。 例文B: Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs of a civilized society. Withoutit, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion.在文明社會(huì)的一切公務(wù)中，遵守時(shí)時(shí)間是必不可少的習(xí)慣,。如果沒有這種習(xí)慣,，那就任何事情也辦不成。
11.提出進(jìn)一步的觀點(diǎn)(Providing Further Points)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, not only ... but also,，…also等,。
12 .進(jìn)行總結(jié)(Summarizing)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:in short, in a word, in conclusion, to sum up, on the whole, in brief,all in all, in summary等。 例文A: In short, taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusionthat ...簡而言之,考慮到所有這些因素,，我們可以得出如下的結(jié)論……例文B: All in all, TV advertising plays a very important role in our competitive economicsociety. With abundant information available on TV, we can make sensible choices as consumers. 總之,，電視廣告在充滿競爭的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)起到非常重要的作用。由于電視上的這些豐富信息,，我們消費(fèi)者可以更好地進(jìn)行選擇,。
下面，廣州朗閣雅思英語學(xué)校以一段完整的篇章為例,，幫助大家體會(huì)多種邏輯紐帶在語篇中的銜接作用,。 例文:Making cities greener can bring us a lot of benefits. First, it can improve ourenvironment. Trees can produce oxygen; as a result, they provide us clean air. Furthermore, withtrees around the city, the acid rain and dust storm will disappear. Second, making cities greeneralso means making cities beautiful. For example, Singapore is known as a beautiful garden…Finally, making cities greener can benefit us economically…In conclusion, we should…
點(diǎn)評(píng):在上例中,，F(xiàn)irst, Second, Finally表示順序.分別列舉綠化帶來的多種好處;As aresult表明結(jié)果，F(xiàn)urthermore引出進(jìn)一步說明,，F(xiàn)or example用于列舉事例,，In conclusion進(jìn)行總結(jié)。廣州朗閣雅思英語學(xué)校小編認(rèn)為找連接詞的運(yùn)用,，猶如在每兩個(gè)意思間架起一座橋梁,，使篇章的展開通順、自然,、連貫,，一氣呵成。
針對(duì)英語寫作中大部分考生感到頭疼的邏輯問題，廣州朗閣雅思英語學(xué)校小編為大家支招,，在英語寫作中,，邏輯的作用可見如下:
1.標(biāo)明順序(Sequencing)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:first (ly) ,…second ( ly )，...also,...finally, ... ; in the firstplace,…in the second place,…;first of all,…furthermore, ... finally,…;one…another…;at the lime; at the beginning; previously; later; meanwhile; afterwards; by the endof; up; down; inside; over; beyond…等,。 例文A: There are a variety of reasons for this dramatic growth in...Firstly, ... Secondly, . . Finally,，…在…上的顯著增長是由于多種原因造成的。首先,，……第二,，·…后，……（表明邏輯順序) 例文B: Performing a winter checkup on your car can be done easily if you follow the properprocedure. The first step is…Then, ... After that, ... Finally,…如果遵循正確的程序,，冬季檢修汽車會(huì)很容易,。第一步，……接下來,?！缓螅?，……(表明過程順序)
例文C: Last summer I took a job as a waitress. My motives at the time were…Duringthat first week, I…Even when I had become accustomed to the routine. I…By the end ofthe summer, I had firmly resolved never to take another job.去年夏天我在一家餐館打工,，當(dāng)女招待,、我當(dāng)時(shí)的動(dòng)機(jī)是……第一個(gè)星期，我每天……即使后來習(xí)慣了那種工作,，我還是感到·…暑期結(jié)束時(shí),，我下定決心再也不去打工了。（表明時(shí)間順序）
例文D: On one side, beginning at the very lip of the pool, was a tiny meadow,，...Beyondthe pool a gentle slope of earth ran up and up to meet the opposing wall...，Below, the canyonwas shut in…Up the canyon rose far hills and peaks…在深潭的一邊,，從潭水邊珠開始伸展著一片草地……在深潭的另一邊,，有一個(gè)土坡緩緩隆起與對(duì)面的崖嶺相連……峽谷的下面.群山環(huán)抱...在峽谷的上面，可以眺望遠(yuǎn)處的峰巒……(表明空間順序)
2.提出觀點(diǎn)《Expressing Opinions)
廣州朗閣雅思英語學(xué)校為考生例舉出的提出觀點(diǎn)的常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:in my opinion, in my point of view, as far as I am concerned, there islittle doubt that…,，I strongly believe that.…as for me, as I see it, agree/disagree with, Iwould rather ...than...等,。 例文A: Some people may regard failure as a bad thing. In my opinion, however, whether afailure is good or bad somewhat depends on how we cope with it.一些人認(rèn)為失敗是一件壞事。 然而在我看來,，失敗是好還是壞在一定程度上取決于我們?nèi)绾螌?duì)待它,。 例文B: People hold different views about ... Some people are of the opinion that…，while others point out that…As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds moreweight.人們對(duì)……存在不同現(xiàn)點(diǎn),。有些人認(rèn)為……有些人認(rèn)為,，··…我覺得前(后)一種硯觀點(diǎn)更合理。
3.給出原因(Giving Reasons)
在給原因中,，廣州朗閣雅思英語學(xué)校整理的常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:the reason why…is that.…because of, because, since, as, fornow that, on the ground that, for the simple reason that, considering that, seeing that, due to,owing to ,，for the purpose of, result from, thanks to 等。 例文A: One might wonder why .,，The increase in ... is due to the fact that…人們可能會(huì)奇怪為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)……在……上增長的原因是由于這樣的事實(shí)…… 例文B: There are numerous reasons why…,and I shall here explore only a few of themost important ones·為什么……有許多原因,，在這里我僅向大家剖析重要的幾個(gè)。
4.描述結(jié)果（Describing Results）
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:as a result of, for that reason, therefore, so. thus, consequently, as aconsequence, with the result that, result in. lead to, hence, accordingly, so(such)…that.…in this way, on that account等,。 例文A: Unfortunately, the Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, so close to the westcoast, catch the largest share of the rain off the Pacific Ocean before it can go further inland. Asa result, there is too little rain for almost the whole western half of the United States, which lies inthe "rain shadow" of the mountains. In a great part of that territory, therefore, farmers must depend on irrigation water from the snows or rains that are trapped by the mountains.不幸的是,，喀斯喀特山脈和內(nèi)華達(dá)山脈太貼近西海岸了，截住了來自太平洋的大部分雨水,，使它無法進(jìn)入內(nèi)陸,。結(jié)果，美國的整個(gè)西半邊幾乎處在遮掉雨水的大山脈的“雨影”之下,，雨水極少,。 因此這個(gè)地區(qū)大部分地方的農(nóng)民必須依靠高山峻嶺積存的雨雪供灌溉之用。 例文B: With the development of modem industry, more and more people are flowing intobig cities. Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious. 隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的發(fā)展,，越來越多的人涌入大城市結(jié)果,，大城市的住房問題變得越來越嚴(yán)重。
5.闡述目的(Presenting Intentions)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:so that, in order that, in order to ,，so as to,， for fear that, in case,lest等,。 例文A: The examination is useful for students. Through examination the students can becomeaware of which aspects they have not done well, so that they will make much improvement intheir study.測試對(duì)學(xué)生很有幫助。通過測驗(yàn),，學(xué)生能夠了解哪些方面他們沒有學(xué)好,，以便在將來的學(xué)習(xí)中取得進(jìn)步。 例文B: Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modem world. In order一,。solvethe problem of air pollution, some automobile manufacturers are trying to build a car that does notpollute and some inventors are working on cars powered by steam and electricity.空氣污染是當(dāng)代社會(huì)的主要問題之一,。為了解決空氣污染的問題.一些汽車生產(chǎn)廠商正在試圖建造沒有污染的汽車。一些發(fā)明家也在研制用汽或電為車提供動(dòng)力,。
6.進(jìn)行比較和對(duì)照(Contrasting and Comparing)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:whereas, on the contrary, but, while, however, on the other hand, incomparison with, compared to (with),，in contrast to (with)，differ...from...,，instead of,rather than等,。
7.表明相似性(Showing Similarity)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:likewise, similarly, equally,in the same way,to be identical in everyaspect, to he similar to，to he of the same, the same as,as/so...as...等,。
8. 描述轉(zhuǎn)折或未預(yù)料的結(jié)果(Describing Unexpected Results)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:but, however, though, although, even if (though),，despite, despite thefact that, in spite of, notwithstanding (the fact) that等。
9.提出假設(shè)或條件(Providing Conditions)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:in case, if. unless, as (so) long as, provided ( providing)that, suppose(supposing) that, assuming that, on condition that, given that, in the event(that)等,。
10.表示排除(Expressing Exceptions)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:except, apart from, without, with the exception of 等,。 例文A: This apparition was so strange and so solemn, that everyone rose with the exceptionof Carlini, who remained seated, and ate and drank calmly這一幕突然出現(xiàn)的景象是這樣奇特，這樣嚴(yán)肅,，以致大家都站了起來,，只有卡烈尼例外，他仍舊坐著,，鎮(zhèn)定地吃著喝著,。 例文B: Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs of a civilized society. Withoutit, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion.在文明社會(huì)的一切公務(wù)中，遵守時(shí)時(shí)間是必不可少的習(xí)慣,。如果沒有這種習(xí)慣,，那就任何事情也辦不成。
11.提出進(jìn)一步的觀點(diǎn)(Providing Further Points)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, not only ... but also,，…also等,。
12 .進(jìn)行總結(jié)(Summarizing)
常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:in short, in a word, in conclusion, to sum up, on the whole, in brief,all in all, in summary等。 例文A: In short, taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusionthat ...簡而言之,考慮到所有這些因素,，我們可以得出如下的結(jié)論……例文B: All in all, TV advertising plays a very important role in our competitive economicsociety. With abundant information available on TV, we can make sensible choices as consumers. 總之,，電視廣告在充滿競爭的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)起到非常重要的作用。由于電視上的這些豐富信息,，我們消費(fèi)者可以更好地進(jìn)行選擇,。
下面，廣州朗閣雅思英語學(xué)校以一段完整的篇章為例,，幫助大家體會(huì)多種邏輯紐帶在語篇中的銜接作用,。 例文:Making cities greener can bring us a lot of benefits. First, it can improve ourenvironment. Trees can produce oxygen; as a result, they provide us clean air. Furthermore, withtrees around the city, the acid rain and dust storm will disappear. Second, making cities greeneralso means making cities beautiful. For example, Singapore is known as a beautiful garden…Finally, making cities greener can benefit us economically…In conclusion, we should…
點(diǎn)評(píng):在上例中,，F(xiàn)irst, Second, Finally表示順序.分別列舉綠化帶來的多種好處;As aresult表明結(jié)果，F(xiàn)urthermore引出進(jìn)一步說明,，F(xiàn)or example用于列舉事例,，In conclusion進(jìn)行總結(jié)。廣州朗閣雅思英語學(xué)校小編認(rèn)為找連接詞的運(yùn)用,，猶如在每兩個(gè)意思間架起一座橋梁,，使篇章的展開通順、自然,、連貫,，一氣呵成。