英語寫作知識(shí)——句子的基本類型
　　東莞韋博英語學(xué)校小編提醒大家,，在英語寫作中,，從形式上看，英語句子可分為陳述句,、疑問句,、祈使句和感嘆句,；從句子的結(jié)構(gòu)上看，英語句子又可分為簡(jiǎn)單句,、并列句和復(fù)合句三種類型,。其中，簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)主語(或并列主語)和一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞(或并列謂語動(dòng)詞),。
　　例句A: Teacher Zhang and her students always keep their classroom clean and tidy.張老師和她的學(xué)生們總是保持教室干凈整潔,。 　　例句B: They decided to hold a class meeting.他們決定開一個(gè)班會(huì)。 　　并列句通過使用并列連詞,、連接副詞《如and,， but, or,so，either...or...,，neither... 　　nor ... , not only ... but also...,， furthermore, besides, therefore, otherwise等)或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)（如分號(hào)和冒號(hào))把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起，各分句彼此平等,。 　　例句C: Either you come in person, or you entrust someone with the matter.或者你親自來一趟,，或者你委托一個(gè)人來辦這件事。 　　例句D:The English seem to show particular ability for two things: one is mechanicalinvention, the other is literature.看起來英國人在兩件事情上表現(xiàn)出了特殊的才能:其一是機(jī)械的發(fā)明,，其二是文學(xué),。 　　復(fù)合句含有主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句。由于主語從句,、賓語從句,、表語從句和同位語從句在復(fù)合句中的功能相于一個(gè)名詞，而且四者的引導(dǎo)詞基本相同,，因此合稱為名詞性從句,。狀語從句和定語從句則分別歸類為副詞性從句和形容詞性從句。
　　1.主語從句(Subject Clause)
　　例句A:The sun rises from the east is a commonly accepted fact太陽從東方升起是一個(gè)被普遍接受的事實(shí),。(主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that不可省略,。)例句B:Whether he will come to the party is not sure.他是否將參加晚會(huì)仍不能確定。 　　( whether出現(xiàn)在句首時(shí)不能與if互換,。) 　　例句C: Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.違反本法者應(yīng)處以罰金,。(whoever:可以用anyone who 代替。) 　　例句D: It is not yet decided when and where the test will be given.該測(cè)試在何時(shí)何地進(jìn)行仍未決定,。(it為形式主語,。)
　　2.賓語從句(Object Clause)
　　賓語從句可作謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語，也可作介詞,、非謂語動(dòng)詞(不定式,、動(dòng)名詞、分詞)和某些形容詞(如afraid, glad, pleased, lucky, ashamed, certain, confident, sure等)的賓語,。 　　例句A: I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你對(duì)工作滿意我感到很高興,。( that從句是形容詞 glad的賓語,。當(dāng)然，從嚴(yán)格的語法意義上看,，應(yīng)屬于形容詞補(bǔ)語從句,。)例句B: I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.我想知進(jìn)你是否還在這座工廠工作。( whether/if從句是不定式to know的賓語,。)例句C: Science advances both by finding out what is true and by eliminating what is false. 　　科學(xué)的進(jìn)步既有賴于發(fā)現(xiàn)真理，又有賴于摒棄謬誤,。(what of以用the thing that代替,。)例句D: He went away early, without making it clear why he had to go so soon.他很早就離去了，走之前也沒有說明為什么走得這么早,。( it為形式賓語,。)

3.表語從句(Predicative Clause)
　　例句A: Our principle is that we will never use nuclear weapons first.我們的原則是決不首先使用核武器。 　　例句B: The question is whether it is true or not.問題在于這是真的還是假的,。 　　例句C: Fame and personal gain is what they're after.他們追求的是名利,。(what可以用the thing that代替。) 　　例句D: The question was how the bird got out of the cage.問題是鳥兒怎么從籠子里出去的,。
　　4.同位語從句(Appositive Clause)
　　同位語從句是用一個(gè)從句作其前面名詞的同位語,，說明該名詞所指的具體內(nèi)容。常用同位語從句說明的名詞有fact, decision, idea, plan, news, possibility, question, theory等,。東莞韋博英語學(xué)校為大家提供的例句: 　　例句A; We have just heard a warning on the radio that a typhoon may be on its way.我們剛剛通過收音機(jī)聽到警報(bào),，說臺(tái)風(fēng)可能要來了。(名詞和從句之間可以被其他句子成分隔開,。) 　　例句B: They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他們正調(diào)查這個(gè)人是否值得信賴,。 　　例句C: I have no idea which dictionary is hers.我不知道哪本詞典是她的。 　　例句D:The child's question, why the sky is blue, is difficult to answer.這孩子的問題“天空為什么是藍(lán)的”令人很難回答,。
　　5.狀語從句（Adverbial Clause)
　　(1)時(shí)間狀語從句:引導(dǎo)詞包括when, as. while, till (until), once, the moment/theminute/the instant/the second, before, after, as soon as, no sooner…than.…since等,。 　　例句A: Just as/As/Just when/When I stopped my car, a man came up to me一我剛停下車.一個(gè)男人就來到我的面前。(as和when既可引導(dǎo)表示短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,，又可引導(dǎo)表示持續(xù)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,。而while只能引導(dǎo)表示持續(xù)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。)例句B: She sang while/as she worked.她邊工作邊唱歌,。(用when時(shí),，從句和主句的動(dòng)作可以同時(shí)發(fā)生，也可先后發(fā)生,，而用while和as時(shí),，從句和主句的動(dòng)作通常同時(shí)發(fā)生。） 　　例句C:As we age, we trade strength for ingenuity, speed for thoroughness, passion forreason.隨著年齡的增長,，我們用機(jī)敏取代力量,，用嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)取代速度,。用理智取代激情(當(dāng)從句表示“隨時(shí)間推移”時(shí)，連詞只能用as,，不用when或while,。)例句D: I slept till/until midnight.我一直睡到半夜才醒。 ( until和till這兩個(gè)連詞的意義基本相同,。其肯定形式表示“做某事直至某時(shí)”,，動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的；否定形式表示“直至某時(shí)才做某事”,，動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以,。）例句E: He had no sooner seen me than he ran off.(=No sooner had he seen me than heran off.)他一看見我就跑開了。 　　例句F: Her mother has been ill since she came to Beijing last year.自從她去年來到北京,，她的母親就一直有病,。 　　(2)地點(diǎn)狀語從句:通常由where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere等引導(dǎo)。 　　例句A:where there is oppression, there is resistance.哪里有壓迫,，哪里就有反抗,。 　　例句B: Everywhere you go, you will find the same thing.你走到任何一個(gè)地方都會(huì)看到同樣的事情。 　　(3)原因狀語從句:通常由because, since, as和for等引導(dǎo),。because語勢(shì)強(qiáng),，用來說明人所不知的原因；for的強(qiáng)度弱,，通常只是對(duì)所談內(nèi)容的補(bǔ)充說明,，且不能放在句首。 　　此外,，東莞韋博英語學(xué)校提示考生,，原因狀語從句也可由that, now that, in that, seeing that, considering that等引導(dǎo)。 　　例句A: Maize is also called Indian corn because it was first grown by the AmericanIndian,、因?yàn)橛衩资敲乐抻〉诎踩耸紫确N植的,，所以又叫做印第安玉米。 　　例句B: Since/As the weather is so had, we have to delay our journey.由于天氣比較糟糕,，我們不得不推遲行程,。 　　例句C: He seldom goes out now，he is very old.他現(xiàn)在難得出門了,，因?yàn)槟晔乱迅摺? 　　例句D: That is excusable considering/seeing（that） he is so young.那是可以原諒的,，因?yàn)樗贻p了。 　　(4)結(jié)果狀語從句:主要由so ... that…或such ... that...引導(dǎo),，二者的區(qū)別是such為形容詞, so為副詞,。有時(shí)，也可用so that, such that, with the result that等引導(dǎo),。 　　例句A: He is such a young boy that he can't go to school.(=He is so young:boy thathe can't go to school.)他太小了,，還不能上學(xué),。 　　例句B: The ball struck him so hard that he nearly fell into the water.球重重地打在他身上，使他幾乎落到水里去,。 　　例句C: We all arrived at eight, so that the meeting began promptly.我們都于八點(diǎn)到達(dá),，所以會(huì)議準(zhǔn)時(shí)開始了。 (so that結(jié)構(gòu)有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞大多表“目的”如果沒有大多表“結(jié)果”,。)例句D: Such was my anger that I lost control of myself.我是如此氣惱,，以至于失去了自自制。(so或such位于句首時(shí),，要引起句子倒裝,。) 　　(5)方式狀語從句:通常由as. (just) as...so...,as (so)…as…等引導(dǎo)，其中.as (so)…as…的意思為“與·····一樣”,。從句中謂語經(jīng)常被省略。此外,，方式狀語從句還可由as if, as though等引導(dǎo),。 　　(6)目的狀語從句:可以由so that, in order that, to the end that等引導(dǎo)，譯為“以便...”,、“為……起見’,；也可由lest, for fear that，in case等引導(dǎo),，譯為“以免……”,、“免得……”或“生怕……”。在目的狀語從句中,，經(jīng)常需要使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,。 　　例句A: Some people eat so that they may live；others seem to live in order that they mayeat.一些人吃飯是為了活著,，而有些人活著似乎就是為了吃飯,。 　　例句B: They criticized your mistakes to the end that you would not repeat them.他們對(duì)你的錯(cuò)誤提出批評(píng)，以便你不再重犯,。 　　例句C: He wrote the name down for feat that/lest he should forget it.他記下了這個(gè)名字以免忘記,。 　　例句D: I am punishing the child in case she should make the same mistake.我懲罰那個(gè)孩子，免得她再犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤,。 　　(7)條件狀語從句:引導(dǎo)詞主要有if, unless, suppose/supposing that, provided/providing that, as long as/so long”.on condition that, given that, in casein the event that. 　　(let's) say等,。條件句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句兩種，后者需使用虛擬語氣,。 　　例句A: If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.(=Let's go out for a walk unlessyou are too tired.)如果你不太累,，我們出去走走吧。 　　例句.:Suppose/Supposing/Say he does not come, what will you do?他要是不來,，你們會(huì)怎么辦? 　　例句C: You had better be ready in case he comes.你比較好有所準(zhǔn)備,，萬一他來呢,。 　　例句D: I will go there on condition that you accompany me.要是你陪我一起去，我就去,。 　　例句E: If he ( should) be found guilty, his wife will suffer terribly.如果發(fā)現(xiàn)他有罪,，他妻子一定非常難過。(表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)眍A(yù)想的條件句中,，條件句謂語可用省略should的原形,。) 　　例句F: Had he taken a little more time to think, he might have acted more sensibly.如果他能多考慮考慮，很可能會(huì)做得更明智些,。(省略if的虛擬語氣,。)(8)讓步狀語從句:讓步狀語從句用來引出一種意外的結(jié)果，常由though, although,as, even if, even though, whether...or...,however, whatever, whoever, no matter,notwithstanding (the fact) that等引導(dǎo),。 　　例句A:Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.雖然在下雨.但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫睢?當(dāng)有though或although時(shí).后面從句不能有but,但是和yet, still卻可連用,。)例句B: Try hard as he does, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.(=Though he tries hard, he never seems...)雖然他盡了努力，但他的工作總做得不盡如人意,、(as和though引異的讓步從句常常將表語,、狀語或者實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前放在句首。)例句C: Even if you've passed some of your “prime”, you still have other prime years toexperience in the future.盡管你已過盛年,，但未來仍有其他的鼎盛年華在等你去經(jīng)歷,。 　　例句D: Whether we work or sleep, are earnest or idle, rejoice or moan in agony, the riverof time flows on with the same resistless flood不管我們是在工作還是睡去，不管我們是認(rèn)真還是倦怠,，也不管我們是興高采烈還是痛苦呻吟,，時(shí)間的長河總是不可阻擋地流逝著。 　　例句E: Whatever his rank, however rich or poor, an Egyptian believed in another life afterdeath.不論貴賤貧富,，埃及人都相信人死后還會(huì)有另一個(gè)生命,。(“疑問詞十后綴ever”除了可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，譯為“任何”,，還可引異狀語從句,，此時(shí)類似于“no matter +疑問詞”結(jié)構(gòu).譯為“不管”。在這類從句中,常常省略一些對(duì)句意影響不大的成分,，如be等,。） 　　例句F: Notwithstanding(that)/In spite of the fact that/Despite the fact that the weatherwas bad, we pushed on.盡管天氣惡劣.我們還是努力前行。 　　例句G:Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home,。不管多么簡(jiǎn)陋,，家是不可替代的。(用倒裝be的方式表讓步,，多用于書面語,。)例句H: Even had he been there, he wouldn't have helped her.即使他在那兒，他也不會(huì)幫她。(省略if的虛擬語氣,。)
　　6.定語從句(Attributive Clause)
　　東莞韋博英語學(xué)校為大家整理出,，定語從句在句中作定語，被修飾的名詞或代詞即為先行詞,、先行詞在從句中作主,、定、賓語時(shí).選擇關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, that, which,as 等,；先行詞在從句中作狀語時(shí),，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why等。 　　例句A: The house, whose roof/the roof of which was broken, has now been repaired. 　　屋頂破報(bào)的那座房子已經(jīng)修復(fù)了,。(如果whose所修飾的是無生命的名詞,，常可以用“名詞+ of which”代替,。) 　　例句B: Finally another material is painted onto the stones which will protect them fromwater for ever.后,，一種材抖被涂到這些石頭上，以保護(hù)他們永遠(yuǎn)不受水的侵蝕,。(在不產(chǎn)生歧義的情況下,，定語從句和它所修飾的先行詞之間可以有其他的詞語。)例句C: He is not the man as he was.他和從前不一樣了,。 　　例句D: Later, man began to settle in the places where the food and water were plentiful. 　　后來，人類開始在食物和水都很豐富的地方定居下來,。 　　在這里,，東莞韋博英語學(xué)校要附加說明，限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,，去掉它主句意思往往不明確,；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,。 　　例句E: My sister who lives in London is a doctor.我住在倫敦的妹妹是一名醫(yī)生,。(我不止一個(gè)妹妹。)