托福閱讀事實信息題考點解析及應(yīng)對策略-廣州智美教育 徐露露
在托福閱讀的十大題型中,，事實信息題和詞匯題是占據(jù)比重兩種題型,。針對每篇閱讀而言，前者要考察3-5題,，而后者更是每篇要考察4-6題,。就每篇閱讀14道題而言，這兩種題型就占據(jù)了大半壁江山,。因此，可以毫不夸張地說,，得詞匯題和事實信息題的考生可以得托福閱讀,！下面就讓廣州智美教育老師帶大家看一看事實信息題的考點以及相應(yīng)的應(yīng)對策略,。
<1>提問方式 to Paragraph…, which of the following is true about X? to Paragraph…, how / what / why…? … / The passage supports which of the following statements about X? 廣州智美教育的專家認(rèn)為帶有提問方式的題型可以總結(jié)為以下幾個特點: a.該題型屬于細(xì)節(jié)類題型，并且在大部分情況下題干中會出現(xiàn)一個明確的細(xì)節(jié)定位詞───X,。 b.該題型是對細(xì)節(jié)信息的正面提問（由題干中true / support可知）,，這一點與否定事實信息題相反。 c.該題型疑問部分一般由特殊疑問詞:which / how / what / why… 引導(dǎo),，可以得出該題型可以就某細(xì)節(jié)信息的具體“特性,、原因、方式等”進(jìn)行發(fā)問,。
<2>解題步驟:
第一步:讀題干,，劃出定位詞。 定位詞特點: a.在提問方式1和3當(dāng)中就是X所代表的部分,。 b.在提問方式2中比較復(fù)雜,，一般是尋找該句中的名詞部分，多數(shù)充當(dāng)句中的主語或賓語,。 c.定位詞有可能是原文原詞或者近義詞,。 例題: 1. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements about aquifers in deserts is true? (TPO 12 Water in the Desert) 本題干的定位詞即aquifers, 符合提問方式1。 2. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning? (TPO 13 Types of Social Groups) 本題干的定位詞即shunning, 符合提問方式2,。 3. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about painting in Europe? (TPO 4 Cave Art in Europe) 本題干的定位詞即是painting in Europe, 符合提問方式3,。
第二步:根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位。 注意: 1.若定位詞非原文原詞,，在定位過程中要對其在原文中的同義替換詞敏感,。 2.若定位詞在原文中出現(xiàn)若干次，要關(guān)注所有出現(xiàn)過的地方,。 例題: Paragraph 3: The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing. (TPO 4: Cave Art in Europe) According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that______ ○ Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seen. ○ The paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for hunting. ○ The artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls. ○ Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at hunting.
解題步驟: 1.讀題干,，找出定位詞chips 2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，發(fā)現(xiàn)在原文中只有一處出現(xiàn)了chips的原詞,。那么暫且將答案鎖定在該句,。 Paragraph 6: All this applies, of course, only to an adult leatherback. Hatchlings are simply too small to conserve body heat, even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. We do not know how old, or how large, a leatherback has to be before it can switch from a cold-blooded to a warm-blooded mode of life. Leatherbacks reach their immense size in a much shorter time than it takes other sea turtles to grow. Perhaps their rush to adulthood is driven by a simple need to keep warm. (TPO 15: A Warm-blooded Turtle) 11. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is most accurate about young leatherback turtles? ○ They lack the countercurrent exchange systems that develop in adulthood. ○ Their rate of growth is slower than that of other sea turtles. ○ They lose heat easily even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. ○ They switch between cold-blooded and warm-blooded modes throughout their hatchling stage
解題步驟: 1. 讀題干，劃出定位詞young leatherback turtles 2. 根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位,，在原文中并不能找到原文原詞,。因此，考慮有可能是近義詞,，進(jìn)而發(fā)現(xiàn)young leatherback turtles的同義替換詞hatchlings,。 （點評:該題的難點就在于定位,，考生必須要對同義替換詞非常熟悉） Paragraph 6: Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering. The water-saturated rock or sediment is known as an "aquifer". Because they are porous, sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones and conglomerates, are important potential sources of groundwater. Large quantities of water may also be stored in lime stones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. Most limestone and sandstone aquifers are deep and extensive but may contain ground waters that are not being recharged. Most shallow aquifers in sand and gravel deposits produce lower yields, but they can be rapidly recharged. Some deep aquifers are known as "fossil waters. The term "fossil" describes water that has been present for several thousand years. These aquifers became saturated more than 10,000 years ago and are no longer being recharged. (TPO 12: Water in the Desert) 8. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements about aquifers in deserts is true? ○ Water from limestone and sandstone aquifers is generally better to drink than water from sand and gravel aquifers ○ Sand and gravel aquifers tend to contain less groundwater than limestone or sandstone aquifers ○ Groundwater in deep aquifers is more likely to be recharged than groundwater in shallow aquifers ○ Sedimentary rocks, because they are porous, are not capable of storing large amounts of groundwater
解題步驟: 1.讀題干,，找出定位詞aquifers in deserts 2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，在原文中找到了aquifers的原文原詞,，但問題是出現(xiàn)了五次,。 ?。c評:該題的難點不在于尋找定位詞，而在于定位詞出現(xiàn)次數(shù)過多,，因此考生此時需要看的范圍非常大,，對于考生篩選信息的能力要求比較高。）
第三步:比較定位句和選項,，篩選出和原文信息匹配的選項,。 注意: 1.大多數(shù)情況下答案就在定位詞所在的句子里，但有時也有可能位于定位句的上一句或下一句,。 2.考生只需要核對定位句的信息和選項里的信息是否吻合即可,，不需要推理。 3.該題型對于考生的長難句分析能力要求比較高,，因為往往定位句都是結(jié)構(gòu)上比較復(fù)雜的句子,。
例題: Paragraph 4: Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills. (TPO 14: Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia) 9. According to paragraph 4, the fact that pastoralist communities are subject to “strict rules of portability” encourages such communities to ○ relocate less frequently than they would otherwise ○ have households that are more or less equal in wealth ○ become self-sufficient in the manufacture of silk and jewelry ○ share large material surpluses with neighboring communities
解題步驟: 1.讀題干，尋找定位詞,，即題干部分已經(jīng)標(biāo)記陰影的strict rules of portability,。 2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)定位詞所在的句子即是第一句,。但仔細(xì)閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)本句話并不是答案,。因為題目是想問某個現(xiàn)象的影響，而第一句話只是在描述這個現(xiàn)象,。那么只有繼續(xù)往下看,，發(fā)現(xiàn)第三句話Such rules limit… 可以推斷這里的代詞such rules應(yīng)該指代的定位詞strict rules of portability, 而且仔細(xì)閱讀該句話的意思也是在說明某件事的影響。
3.比較定位句與選項: 定位句:Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households. 大致意思說:“這樣的條例會限制不同游牧家庭之間所收集的產(chǎn)品的差別”,。 選項A談到relocate定居,，不符合該句話；B選項more or less equal in wealth就等同于limit variations in accumulated material goods; C選項self-sufficient自滿自足的,，不符合原文,；D選項share large material surplus共享剩余產(chǎn)品資料，不符合原文,。
點評: 該題的主要難點在于定位詞所在句并不是答案,，考察考生在更大范圍內(nèi)搜索答案。在考試時間比較緊張的情況之下,，非?？疾煲粋€考生的沉著冷靜。 Paragraph 1: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved. 2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about petroleum formation? ○ Microscopic organisms that live in mud produce crude oil and natural gas. ○ Large amounts of oxygen are needed for petroleum formation to begin. ○ Petroleum is produced when organic material in sediments combines with decaying marine organisms. ○ Petroleum formation appears to begin in marine sediments where organic matter is present.
解題步驟: 1.讀題干,，找到定位詞petroleum formation; 2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位,，沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)定位詞，并且通段都是在介紹petroleum是如何形成的,。所以,，此時只能通讀整段,，結(jié)合排除法對選項一一排除。 3.選項A微生物microscopic organism能夠制造出原油crude oil和天然氣,，不符合原文。因為根據(jù)文章,，石油的形成主要來自于有機(jī)物organic matter, 而微生物microscopic organism只是起到一個幫助前者分解的作用,。因此要排除A。選項B考點詞為Large amounts of oxygen, 原文并沒有提到具體需要的氧氣量,。選項C organic material與marine organisms結(jié)合形成石油,，不符合原文，因為應(yīng)該是有機(jī)物organic matter和微生物microscopic organism結(jié)合,。選項D符合原文,，與原文第一句話Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment的意思符合。其中同義替換部分為originate from = begin,。
點評: 該題的主要難點在于定位詞不夠specific, 不夠獨特,。當(dāng)該題型給出的定位詞整個通段都在描述相關(guān)信息的時候，那么考生極有可能需要通段瀏覽,，且只能用排除法一一進(jìn)行排除,。
小結(jié): 綜上所述，可以言簡意賅地說事實信息題主要考察考生的兩種能力:定位 & 同義轉(zhuǎn)換,。廣州智美教育的專家認(rèn)為考生可以沿著這兩個方向去備考,，另外建議廣大考生先學(xué)習(xí)詞匯題和句子簡化題，然后再學(xué)習(xí)事實信息題,。
在托福閱讀的十大題型中,，事實信息題和詞匯題是占據(jù)比重兩種題型,。針對每篇閱讀而言，前者要考察3-5題,，而后者更是每篇要考察4-6題,。就每篇閱讀14道題而言，這兩種題型就占據(jù)了大半壁江山,。因此，可以毫不夸張地說,，得詞匯題和事實信息題的考生可以得托福閱讀,！下面就讓廣州智美教育老師帶大家看一看事實信息題的考點以及相應(yīng)的應(yīng)對策略,。
<1>提問方式 to Paragraph…, which of the following is true about X? to Paragraph…, how / what / why…? … / The passage supports which of the following statements about X? 廣州智美教育的專家認(rèn)為帶有提問方式的題型可以總結(jié)為以下幾個特點: a.該題型屬于細(xì)節(jié)類題型，并且在大部分情況下題干中會出現(xiàn)一個明確的細(xì)節(jié)定位詞───X,。 b.該題型是對細(xì)節(jié)信息的正面提問（由題干中true / support可知）,，這一點與否定事實信息題相反。 c.該題型疑問部分一般由特殊疑問詞:which / how / what / why… 引導(dǎo),，可以得出該題型可以就某細(xì)節(jié)信息的具體“特性,、原因、方式等”進(jìn)行發(fā)問,。
<2>解題步驟:
第一步:讀題干,，劃出定位詞。 定位詞特點: a.在提問方式1和3當(dāng)中就是X所代表的部分,。 b.在提問方式2中比較復(fù)雜,，一般是尋找該句中的名詞部分，多數(shù)充當(dāng)句中的主語或賓語,。 c.定位詞有可能是原文原詞或者近義詞,。 例題: 1. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements about aquifers in deserts is true? (TPO 12 Water in the Desert) 本題干的定位詞即aquifers, 符合提問方式1。 2. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning? (TPO 13 Types of Social Groups) 本題干的定位詞即shunning, 符合提問方式2,。 3. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about painting in Europe? (TPO 4 Cave Art in Europe) 本題干的定位詞即是painting in Europe, 符合提問方式3,。
第二步:根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位。 注意: 1.若定位詞非原文原詞,，在定位過程中要對其在原文中的同義替換詞敏感,。 2.若定位詞在原文中出現(xiàn)若干次，要關(guān)注所有出現(xiàn)過的地方,。 例題: Paragraph 3: The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing. (TPO 4: Cave Art in Europe) According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that______ ○ Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seen. ○ The paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for hunting. ○ The artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls. ○ Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at hunting.
解題步驟: 1.讀題干,，找出定位詞chips 2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，發(fā)現(xiàn)在原文中只有一處出現(xiàn)了chips的原詞,。那么暫且將答案鎖定在該句,。 Paragraph 6: All this applies, of course, only to an adult leatherback. Hatchlings are simply too small to conserve body heat, even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. We do not know how old, or how large, a leatherback has to be before it can switch from a cold-blooded to a warm-blooded mode of life. Leatherbacks reach their immense size in a much shorter time than it takes other sea turtles to grow. Perhaps their rush to adulthood is driven by a simple need to keep warm. (TPO 15: A Warm-blooded Turtle) 11. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is most accurate about young leatherback turtles? ○ They lack the countercurrent exchange systems that develop in adulthood. ○ Their rate of growth is slower than that of other sea turtles. ○ They lose heat easily even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. ○ They switch between cold-blooded and warm-blooded modes throughout their hatchling stage
解題步驟: 1. 讀題干，劃出定位詞young leatherback turtles 2. 根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位,，在原文中并不能找到原文原詞,。因此，考慮有可能是近義詞,，進(jìn)而發(fā)現(xiàn)young leatherback turtles的同義替換詞hatchlings,。 （點評:該題的難點就在于定位,，考生必須要對同義替換詞非常熟悉） Paragraph 6: Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering. The water-saturated rock or sediment is known as an "aquifer". Because they are porous, sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones and conglomerates, are important potential sources of groundwater. Large quantities of water may also be stored in lime stones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. Most limestone and sandstone aquifers are deep and extensive but may contain ground waters that are not being recharged. Most shallow aquifers in sand and gravel deposits produce lower yields, but they can be rapidly recharged. Some deep aquifers are known as "fossil waters. The term "fossil" describes water that has been present for several thousand years. These aquifers became saturated more than 10,000 years ago and are no longer being recharged. (TPO 12: Water in the Desert) 8. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements about aquifers in deserts is true? ○ Water from limestone and sandstone aquifers is generally better to drink than water from sand and gravel aquifers ○ Sand and gravel aquifers tend to contain less groundwater than limestone or sandstone aquifers ○ Groundwater in deep aquifers is more likely to be recharged than groundwater in shallow aquifers ○ Sedimentary rocks, because they are porous, are not capable of storing large amounts of groundwater
解題步驟: 1.讀題干,，找出定位詞aquifers in deserts 2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，在原文中找到了aquifers的原文原詞,，但問題是出現(xiàn)了五次,。 ?。c評:該題的難點不在于尋找定位詞，而在于定位詞出現(xiàn)次數(shù)過多,，因此考生此時需要看的范圍非常大,，對于考生篩選信息的能力要求比較高。）
第三步:比較定位句和選項,，篩選出和原文信息匹配的選項,。 注意: 1.大多數(shù)情況下答案就在定位詞所在的句子里，但有時也有可能位于定位句的上一句或下一句,。 2.考生只需要核對定位句的信息和選項里的信息是否吻合即可,，不需要推理。 3.該題型對于考生的長難句分析能力要求比較高,，因為往往定位句都是結(jié)構(gòu)上比較復(fù)雜的句子,。
例題: Paragraph 4: Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills. (TPO 14: Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia) 9. According to paragraph 4, the fact that pastoralist communities are subject to “strict rules of portability” encourages such communities to ○ relocate less frequently than they would otherwise ○ have households that are more or less equal in wealth ○ become self-sufficient in the manufacture of silk and jewelry ○ share large material surpluses with neighboring communities
解題步驟: 1.讀題干，尋找定位詞,，即題干部分已經(jīng)標(biāo)記陰影的strict rules of portability,。 2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)定位詞所在的句子即是第一句,。但仔細(xì)閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)本句話并不是答案,。因為題目是想問某個現(xiàn)象的影響，而第一句話只是在描述這個現(xiàn)象,。那么只有繼續(xù)往下看,，發(fā)現(xiàn)第三句話Such rules limit… 可以推斷這里的代詞such rules應(yīng)該指代的定位詞strict rules of portability, 而且仔細(xì)閱讀該句話的意思也是在說明某件事的影響。
3.比較定位句與選項: 定位句:Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households. 大致意思說:“這樣的條例會限制不同游牧家庭之間所收集的產(chǎn)品的差別”,。 選項A談到relocate定居,，不符合該句話；B選項more or less equal in wealth就等同于limit variations in accumulated material goods; C選項self-sufficient自滿自足的,，不符合原文,；D選項share large material surplus共享剩余產(chǎn)品資料，不符合原文,。
點評: 該題的主要難點在于定位詞所在句并不是答案,，考察考生在更大范圍內(nèi)搜索答案。在考試時間比較緊張的情況之下,，非?？疾煲粋€考生的沉著冷靜。 Paragraph 1: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved. 2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about petroleum formation? ○ Microscopic organisms that live in mud produce crude oil and natural gas. ○ Large amounts of oxygen are needed for petroleum formation to begin. ○ Petroleum is produced when organic material in sediments combines with decaying marine organisms. ○ Petroleum formation appears to begin in marine sediments where organic matter is present.
解題步驟: 1.讀題干,，找到定位詞petroleum formation; 2.根據(jù)定位詞回原文進(jìn)行定位,，沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)定位詞，并且通段都是在介紹petroleum是如何形成的,。所以,，此時只能通讀整段,，結(jié)合排除法對選項一一排除。 3.選項A微生物microscopic organism能夠制造出原油crude oil和天然氣,，不符合原文。因為根據(jù)文章,，石油的形成主要來自于有機(jī)物organic matter, 而微生物microscopic organism只是起到一個幫助前者分解的作用,。因此要排除A。選項B考點詞為Large amounts of oxygen, 原文并沒有提到具體需要的氧氣量,。選項C organic material與marine organisms結(jié)合形成石油,，不符合原文，因為應(yīng)該是有機(jī)物organic matter和微生物microscopic organism結(jié)合,。選項D符合原文,，與原文第一句話Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment的意思符合。其中同義替換部分為originate from = begin,。
點評: 該題的主要難點在于定位詞不夠specific, 不夠獨特,。當(dāng)該題型給出的定位詞整個通段都在描述相關(guān)信息的時候，那么考生極有可能需要通段瀏覽,，且只能用排除法一一進(jìn)行排除,。
小結(jié): 綜上所述，可以言簡意賅地說事實信息題主要考察考生的兩種能力:定位 & 同義轉(zhuǎn)換,。廣州智美教育的專家認(rèn)為考生可以沿著這兩個方向去備考,，另外建議廣大考生先學(xué)習(xí)詞匯題和句子簡化題，然后再學(xué)習(xí)事實信息題,。